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Tuesday, July 2, 2013
Cross-species malaria immunity induced by chemically attenuated parasites
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Public release date: 1-Jul-2013[ | E-mail |
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Journal of Clinical Investigation
Malaria, a mosquito-born infectious disease, kills over 600,000 people every year. Research has focused on the development of a vaccine to prevent the disease; however, many malaria vaccines targeting parasite antigens have failed because the antigen targets are highly variable. Based on the observation that low-density infections can induce antibody-independent immunity to different malaria strains, Michael Good and colleagues at Griffith University in Australia created a vaccine using blood-stage malaria parasites that were attenuated with a chemical agent that keeps the parasite from multiplying. In this issue of the Journal of Clinical Investigation, they demonstrate that mice inoculated with a single species of attenuated parasite display immunity to multiple malaria species for over 100 days. These data indicate that vaccination with chemically attenuated parasites provides protective immunity and suggest that such vaccines could be used to target human malaria species.
###
TITLE:
Cross-species malaria immunity induced by chemically attenuated parasites
AUTHOR CONTACT:
Michael Batzloff
Griffith University, Gold Coast, AUS
Phone: 5552 9434; E-mail: m.batzloff@griffith.edu.au
View this article at: http://www.jci.org/articles/view/66634?key=c4d24ede72f2d54f5147
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Public release date: 1-Jul-2013[ | E-mail |
Share ] Contact: Jillian Hurst
press_releases@the-jci.org
Journal of Clinical Investigation
Malaria, a mosquito-born infectious disease, kills over 600,000 people every year. Research has focused on the development of a vaccine to prevent the disease; however, many malaria vaccines targeting parasite antigens have failed because the antigen targets are highly variable. Based on the observation that low-density infections can induce antibody-independent immunity to different malaria strains, Michael Good and colleagues at Griffith University in Australia created a vaccine using blood-stage malaria parasites that were attenuated with a chemical agent that keeps the parasite from multiplying. In this issue of the Journal of Clinical Investigation, they demonstrate that mice inoculated with a single species of attenuated parasite display immunity to multiple malaria species for over 100 days. These data indicate that vaccination with chemically attenuated parasites provides protective immunity and suggest that such vaccines could be used to target human malaria species.
###
TITLE:
Cross-species malaria immunity induced by chemically attenuated parasites
AUTHOR CONTACT:
Michael Batzloff
Griffith University, Gold Coast, AUS
Phone: 5552 9434; E-mail: m.batzloff@griffith.edu.au
View this article at: http://www.jci.org/articles/view/66634?key=c4d24ede72f2d54f5147
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-07/joci-cmi062413.php
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Egypt braces for a decisive showdown in the streets
Both supporters and opponents of President Mohamed Morsi agree that he faces a defining moment as streets fill with protesters calling for his resignation.?
Women attend a rally to support Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi in Nasr City, Cairo, Sunday. Thousands of opponents and supporters of Egypt's Islamist president began massing in city squares in competing rallies Sunday, gearing up for a day of massive nationwide protests that many fear could turn deadly as the opposition seeks to push out Mohammed Morsi.
Virginie Nguyen Hoang/AP
EnlargeHundreds of thousands of Egyptians poured into the streets in the capital and around the country to call on their first freely elected president to resign, in a move that many on both sides of the stark political divide feel could be decisive for Egypt's future.
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Protesters at the presidential palace in the capital chanted "Leave! Leave!" and carried signs against the Muslim Brotherhood, the Islamist organization of which President Mohamed Morsi is a former leader.?They hoped to force Mr. Morsi to leave power just as they toppled former President Hosni Mubarak in 2011.?
They say Morsi, who took office one year ago after winning an election by a razor-thin margin, has acted undemocratically and sought to increase his power while failing to solve the mounting crises in Egypt. Many have been pushed to the street by growing anger over electricity cuts, fuel shortages, food price increases, and a lack of security.
Yet the president's supporters ? and thousands of them have gathered at a mosque in Cairo since?Friday?to counter-protest ? say the demonstrations against the president are supported by members of the former regime, who are attempting to oust a democratically elected president against the will of the people. They accuse the opposition of encouraging violence and hoping for a coup.?
One side sees the protests as Egypt's last chance to save a transition that had gone badly awry, while the other side sees them as a threat to Egypt's young democracy.?
"This is our last chance to rescue Egypt," says Mohamed Fouad, a protester at the presidential palace who holds a sign that says "get out!"
Some fear the protests may cause the bitter rift between the president's supporters and opponents to erupt into wider violence. That divide has been growing since the president granted himself immunity from the judiciary in November and used the power to push to a vote a new constitution written by a committee whose majority were Islamists.?
A sheikh at Al Azhar, the seat of Sunni Muslim learning, last week warned about a slide into civil war. And the military, which stepped in to take control when former President Hosni Mubarak was ousted in 2011, warned that it will not stand by if chaos engulfs the nation.
The?Sunday?headline in opposition daily Shorouq captured the tension hanging over Cairo: ?Egypt awaits her fate,? it read.
The violence has already begun in the Nile Delta region, where several people have died in recent days in clashes between pro-and anti-Morsi protesters. One of them was 21-year-old American Andrew Pochter, who was working as an intern at an American development organization, teaching English to students. He was stabbed to death, apparently while observing a protest in Alexandria?Friday. Several local offices of the Muslim Brotherhood have been torched in the Delta. Videos of protests there appear to show some Morsi opponents carrying guns and knives.
At the demonstration in support of Morsi in Cairo, men wore helmets and carried sticks and shields, which they say they would use to defend themselves if attacked.?
"We cannot allow thugs and corrupt members of the former regime to oust Egypt's democratically elected leader," says Said Ahmed, one of the helmet-clad defense crew. "The ballot box has spoken. Will they do this to every president if they are not happy with everything he does? This is not democracy."
Looking for a new leader
But at the presidential palace, protesters say Morsi has betrayed those who voted for him. Samia Awad, a mother who came to the protest with her children, says she voted for Morsi last year but now is deeply disappointed. "He hasn't done anything for Egypt. Everything is worse," she says. "We want a leader who will offer us a life, who will move the country forward. This doesn't mean we will oust a new president every year. If anyone comes and does something for the country, we will support him. We want security, we don't want this chaos we are living in."
Many protesters say they feel Morsi is working for the benefit of the Muslim Brotherhood, and not in the interests of the people. Mostafa el Ghobashy says he wants Morsi to step down, and a presidential council to take his place. He also wants a new constitution to be written. Concessions by Morsi won't make him happy, he says. "The time for that had passed. We asked for that many times, and he didn't answer. He didn't listen to the people."
Some palace protesters brought up the violence in December, when the Brotherhood sent its members to disperse opposition protests at the presidential palace and eleven people were killed in the ensuing clashes.?
Cairo braces for clashes
In the days leading up to?Sunday, apprehension gripped the Egyptian capital as residents worried about what the protests would bring. Some Cairo residents stocked up on food, bottled water, and cash. Some stores ran out of supplies, and banks lowered daily ATM withdrawal limits. Away from the protests?Sunday, Cairo's streets, normally full of traffic, noise, and pedestrians, were almost deserted, and eerily quiet. The American embassy issued a travel warning for Egypt and announced it would be closed?Sunday?and?Monday.
Leaders of the petition drive that called for today's anti-Morsi protests, called Tamarod, or ?Rebel,? say they gathered 22 million signatures asking the president to resign. That number cannot be verified.?
What is clear is in the year since he was elected, Morsi has alienated many who voted for him. Some are angry at what they call autocratic moves and attempts to consolidate power while refusing to give concessions to the opposition. And Egypt's economic woes have mounted, putting financial pressure on citizens, as his government has failed to conclude a crucial loan deal with the IMF.
The president's supporters note that he has faced many hurdles ? he has struggled to control the security forces, and they say he faces a judiciary and media determined to thwart his moves, while the political opposition refuses dialogue.
But Morsi is not the only one facing opposition. Anti-American sentiment has also grown in Egypt as many of Morsi's opponents view the US as unquestioningly supporting Morsi or engaging in a conspiracy to bring him to power. At the palace, protesters carried signs demanding the expulsion of the American ambassador, Anne Patterson.?
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How Obama Could Approve Keystone
Gazing into my columnist's crystal ball on a steamy summer day when many in the Obama administration have climate change on their minds, I see a decision coming on the Keystone XL pipeline on a cold December day when most people have holiday shopping on their minds.
Based on conversations with administration insiders, here's how I envision the final act of the long-running Keystone drama playing out:
Based on conversations with administration insiders, here's how I envision the final act of the long-running Keystone drama playing out:
Secretary of State John Kerry, who counts combatting climate change as one of his lifelong passions, will recommend to President Obama that he should not approve the pipeline, which would send 35 million gallons of oil every day over 1,700 miles from Alberta's carbon-heavy oil sands to Gulf Coast refineries. Obama will decide to approve the project, in large part because he will have secured commitments from Canada to do more to reduce its carbon emissions.
Obama will publicly repudiate Kerry, akin to how Obama publicly repudiated Lisa Jackson, his first Environmental Protection Agency administrator, two years ago when she asked the White House to let her move forward on a stronger smog standard. On the Friday before Labor Day 2011, Obama announced that he was delaying the standard because of economic concerns.
At that point in time, Jackson endured as the champion for disenchanted environmentalists.
Sometime this winter?I predict in December?Kerry will play that same role when Obama decides to approve the pipeline.
The response from pipeline proponents, especially Republicans in Congress, will be jubilation. More importantly, approval of the project can only help, not hurt, Democrats up for reelection in 2014, including Sens. Mary Landrieu in Louisiana, Mark Pryor in Arkansas, and Mark Begich in Alaska, who all support the pipeline and have more-conservative energy positions than Obama. But because the decision comes nearly a year before Election Day 2014, it will likely be old political news by the time campaigns kick into high gear.
The reaction from the environmental community, especially the grassroots opposition led by the Sierra Club and 350.org, will be loud and fevered. They will probably have lawsuits waiting in the pipeline (pun intended). But many environmentalists realize it's not the only climate game in town now that Obama has committed to clamping down on carbon emissions from coal-fired power plants, which account for nearly 40 percent of U.S. greenhouse gases.
"For us, the primary thing is to get the largest single sources, which is power plants, and control their carbon emissions," Frances Beinecke, president of the Natural Resources Defense Council, told me last week at Georgetown University while waiting to hear Obama give what was his most substantive speech on climate change as president. "That's the center of the plan. Now the next thing is to get it done."
To the surprise of everyone outside the White House, Obama mentioned the pipeline in his speech. It was a politically savvy move for three reasons: 1) He called out the elephant in the room and thus avoided both criticism from groups like the Sierra Club and the subsequent media coverage of his omission; 2) He took ownership of the issue, showing everyone on every side of the fight he is personally involved; and 3) He shifted the debate over the pipeline from one of economics to one about the effects on climate change.
"Our national interest will only be served if this project does not significantly exacerbate the problem of carbon pollution," Obama said forcefully, prompting loud cheers from the audience of several hundred climate-minded people. "The net effects of the pipeline's impact on our climate will be absolutely critical to determining whether this project is allowed to go forward."
Environmentalists cheered Obama's new "test" for the pipeline. They maintain that there isn't a way Obama could approve the project since its impact will surely "significantly exacerbate" climate change. People close to the White House read it differently.
"I think it was a clear signal to the Canadians to come to the table and put a good-faith program out there that could provide the kind of net reductions beyond anyone's doubt that would allow Obama to proceed," said a source close to the Obama administration who would speak on the condition of anonymity only.
The basis for Obama to couple his decision to approve the pipeline with additional significant climate commitments from our northern neighbor will not come from nowhere. When the EPA sent a letter in April to the State Department, the federal agency tasked with reviewing the pipeline, and criticized the department's environmental assessment, Cynthia Giles, EPA's assistant administrator for enforcement, also wrote this:
"EPA recommends that the final EIS [environmental impact statement] complement this discussion with an exploration of specific ways that the U.S. might work with Canada to promote further efforts to reduce GHG emissions associated with the production of oil sands crude, including a joint focus on carbon capture and storage projects and research, as well as ways to improve energy efficiency associated with extraction technologies," Giles writes in the seven-page letter.
While approving the Keystone XL pipeline, Obama will say he is leveraging his power over the project to drive an international effort to combat climate change, which is what the debate about the pipeline is all about.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/obama-could-approve-keystone-123944064.html
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Monday, July 1, 2013
Avril Lavigne And Chad Kroeger Capping Cannes Party Weekend With French Wedding
Singer and Nickelback frontman will cap three-day celebration with Monday night's (July 1) nuptials.
By Gil Kaufman
Source: http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1709814/avril-lavigne-chad-kroeger-wedding-france-cannes.jhtml
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Gay marriage: Hodgepodge lies ahead for states
The Supreme Court's landmark rulings on same-sex marriage have energized activists and politicians on both sides of the debate. Efforts to impose bans, and to repeal them, have taken on new intensity, as have lawsuits by gays demanding the right to marry.
The court, in two 5-4 decisions Wednesday, opened the way for California to become the 13th state to legalize gay marriage, and it directed the federal government to recognize legally married same-sex couples. A federal appeals court on Friday lifted its freeze on same-sex marriages in California, saying the state is required to issue licenses to gay couples starting immediately.
But the rulings, while hailed by gay-rights activists, did not declare a nationwide right for gays to marry. Instead, they set the stage for state-by-state battles over one of America's most contentious social issues. Already, some of those battles are heating up.
In Pennsylvania, the only Northeast state that doesn't legally recognize same-sex couples, gay state Rep. Brian Sims, a Philadelphia Democrat, says he will introduce a bill to allow same-sex marriages. The bill may flounder in the GOP-led Legislature, but the issue is likely to be volatile in next year's gubernatorial race, pitting GOP Gov. Tom Corbett, an opponent of gay marriage, against any of three Democrats who favor it.
In Arizona, gay-rights supporters have begun circulating petitions aimed at repealing the state's 2008 ban on same-sex marriage by way of a ballot measure next year. With California's ban quashed, Arizona is now among 29 states with constitutional amendments that limit marriage to one-man, one-woman unions.
Gay-rights activists and Democratic politicians in several other states also hope to repeal the bans in their states ? in Oregon, Ohio and Arkansas with possible ballot measures next year, and in Nevada and Michigan with referendums in 2016.
Ohio activist Ian James of FreedomOhio said his group's resolve to collect signatures "has been doubled" as a result of the Supreme Court decisions. And Oregon Gov. John Kitzhaber, a Democrat who favors repealing his state's ban, said the court action "underscores the urgency of extending the freedom to marry to all our citizens."
"Oregon has not yet lived up to the ideal of equal rights for all," Kitzhaber said.
In Indiana and West Virginia, some Republican politicians want to move in the other direction, joining the ranks of states with constitutional bans. Both states have laws that bar gays from marrying, but constitutional amendments are viewed as more durable measures that resist being overturned by litigation.
The leaders of Indiana's Republican-controlled Legislature had deferred action on an amendment during this year's session, opting to wait for the Supreme Court rulings. Now, with the backing of GOP Gov. Mike Pence, they say the Legislature will consider the ban in the session starting in January, possibly putting the question to voters later next year.
Micah Clark, executive director of the conservative American Family Association of Indiana, was pleased by that prospect.
"The future of marriage matters," he said. "And it belongs in the hands of Hoosier voters, not the courts, not Hollywood, and not the activists seeking to change it from what it is and always has been."
West Virginia, like Indiana, has a state law prohibiting gay marriages. Until now, though, it has not joined the parade of states taking a further step with a constitutional amendment. After the Supreme Court rulings, the leader of the large Republican minority in the House of Delegates suggested there is now an urgent need for an amendment,
"We don't know when someone might file a lawsuit or have some other issue come up where a judge can review that," said Tim Armstead. "We need to go to the next step."
Democratic Delegate Stephen Skinner, West Virginia's first openly gay lawmaker, disagreed. "There's really not much reason for a constitutional amendment, except to promote discrimination and promote homophobia," he said.
National gay-rights leaders expect that lawsuits seeking to expand gay marriage rights will eventually bring the issue back to the Supreme Court in a quest for a ruling that would establish a 50-state policy.
Lawsuits already are pending in a number of states. Some of those involved were heartened by the rulings.
"What this does is establish very, very powerful precedents that we will be able to use in our case," said Mark Lawrence of Restore Our Humanity, which is backing a legal challenge by three same-sex couples to a ban approved by Utah voters in 2004.
Michigan's constitutional ban, also approved in 2004, is the target of a pending lawsuit by Detroit-area nurses April DeBoer and Jayne Rowse seeking a right to jointly adopt each other's children. The federal judge hearing the case had been waiting for the Supreme Court before issuing a judgment.
In New Mexico, two gay men from Santa Fe asked the state Supreme Court on Thursday to decide whether same-sex marriage is legal. The lawsuit contends that denying marriage licenses to same-sex couples violates the state constitution, including provisions prohibiting gender-based discrimination and guaranteeing equal protection under the law.
New Mexico is one of only five states ? along with West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Wyoming and Indiana ? that has neither extended legal recognition to gay couples nor enacted a ban-gay-marriage constitutional amendment. There also is litigation in three states offering civil unions to gay couples, providing the rights and responsibilities of marriage but not extending that title.
In New Jersey, one lawsuit contends that civil unions do not fulfill a state Supreme Court mandate from 2006 that gay couples receive equal treatment to married heterosexual couples. The plaintiffs say they will soon file a motion arguing that, in light of the Supreme Court ruling, the only thing that is keeping the couples from equal treatment is the state law.
New Jersey's Democratic-majority Legislature passed a bill last year to legalize gay marriage, but it was vetoed by Republican Gov. Chris Christie. He says the matter should be decided in a referendum.
"There is no longer any excuse to delay," said Troy Stevenson of the gay-rights group Garden State Equality. "It is as immoral as it is impractical to force any New Jersey family to be stripped of critical economic and legal protections every time they cross the Hudson or Delaware Rivers."
Hawaii's civil union law, adopted in 2011, is being challenged in federal court by two women who want to marry rather than enter into a civil union. Democratic Gov. Neil Abercrombie, who supports a right to same-sex marriage, says the Supreme Court ruling on federal benefits for same-sex couples bolsters his argument.
Illinois also allowed civil unions in 2011, but efforts to legalize same-sex marriage in the recently ended legislative session fell short. The sponsor of the measure, Democratic Rep. Greg Harris, said the Supreme Court rulings should bolster efforts to revive the bill in the fall session.
Meanwhile, gay-rights lawyers are pressing ahead with a lawsuit on behalf of more than two dozen same-sex couples who were denied marriage licenses in Cook County. The suit also challenges an Illinois law that defines marriage as between a man and woman.
Gay-rights activists in some conservative states say there is no near-term prospect for softening their states' gay-marriage bans, and they're looking toward a more incremental approach.
In states such as Georgia, Idaho and Louisiana, these efforts include lobbying for local and statewide anti-discrimination laws that would extend protections to gays and lesbians.
In Wisconsin, a state that has tilted Democratic in national elections, Republicans now hold power at the Statehouse, and there's little discussion by gay-rights supporters of mounting an effort to repeal the gay-marriage ban approved by voters in 2006.
Instead, gay-rights activists there are trying to defeat a conservative group's lawsuit challenging a 2009 domestic partnership law that ended some legal rights to same-sex couples.
Wyoming has no constitutional ban on same-sex marriage, but proposals to permit civil unions and to ban discrimination against gays died in the latest legislative session.
State Rep. Cathy Connolly, the openly lesbian Democrat who sponsored those bills, says Wyoming's strong libertarian streak might be conducive to a legalization of same-sex marriage at some point in the future.
___
Associated Press writers Cristina Silva in Phoenix, Tom LoBianco in Indianapolis, Nigel Duara in Portland, Ore., Matt Moore in Philadelphia, Larry Messina in Charleston, W.Va., and other AP reporters nationwide contributed to this report.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/gay-marriage-states-hodgepodge-lies-ahead-201327666.html
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